Thursday, August 20, 2020
First World War
World War One", "Great War", "WW1", and "WWI" redirect here. For other uses, see World War One (disambiguation), Great War (disambiguation), WW1 (album), and WWI (disambiguation).
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as "the war to end all wars",[7] it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history.[8][9] It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history,[10] with an estimated nine million combatant deaths and 13 million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war,[11] while resulting genocides and the related 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 17–100 million deaths worldwide.[12][13]
World War I
WWImontage.jpg
Clockwise from the top:
The road to Bapaume in the aftermath of the Battle of the Somme, 1916 British Mark V tanks crossing the Hindenburg Line, 1918 HMS Irresistible sinking after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles, 1915 A British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme, 1916 German Albatros D.III biplane fighters near Douai, France, 1917
Date 28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918
(4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks)
Peace treaties
Treaty of Versailles
Signed 28 June 1919
(4 years and 11 months)[b]
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Signed 10 September 1919
(5 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days)
Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
Signed 27 November 1919
(4 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days)[c]
Treaty of Trianon
Signed 4 June 1920
(5 years, 10 months and 1 week)
Treaty of Sèvres
Signed 10 August 1920
(6 years, 1 week and 6 days)[d]
United States–Austria Peace Treaty
Signed 24 August 1921
(3 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)[e][f]
United States–Germany Peace Treaty
Signed 25 August 1921
(4 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)[g]
United States–Hungary Peace Treaty
Signed 29 August 1921
(3 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)[h]
Treaty of Lausanne
Signed 24 July 1923
(8 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)[i]
Location
Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific Islands, China, Indian Ocean, North and South Atlantic Ocean
Result
Allied victory
Central Powers victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front
Fall of all continental empires in Europe (including Germany, Russia, Ottoman Turkey and Austria-Hungary)
Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War, with the collapse of the Russian Empire and the subsequent formation of the Soviet Union
Widespread unrest and revolutions throughout Europe and Asia
Creation of the League of Nations (more ...)
Territorial
changes
Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East
Transfer of German colonies and territories, Partitioning the former Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire, transfer of territories to other countries
Belligerents
Allied Powers:
France
British Empire
United Kingdom
Canada
Australia
India
New Zealand
Newfoundland
South Africa
Russia[a] (1914–17)
Serbia
Montenegro
Belgium
Japan
Italy (1915–18)
United States (1917–18)
Romania (1916–18)
Portugal (1916–18)
Hejaz (1916–18)
China (1917–18)
Greece (1917–18)
Siam (1917–18)
... and others
Central Powers:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria (1915–18)
... and co-belligerents
Commanders and leaders
French Third Republic Raymond Poincaré
French Third Republic Georges Clemenceau
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Herbert H. Asquith
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland David Lloyd George
Russian Empire Nicholas II †
Russian Republic Alexander Kerensky
Kingdom of Italy Victor Emmanuel III
Kingdom of Italy Vittorio Orlando
United States Woodrow Wilson
Empire of Japan Yoshihito
Belgium Albert I
Kingdom of Serbia Peter I
Kingdom of Romania Ferdinand I
and others ...
German Empire Wilhelm II
Austria-Hungary Franz Joseph I †
Austria-Hungary Karl I
Ottoman Empire Mehmed V †
Ottoman Empire Mehmed VI
Ottoman Empire Three Pashas
Kingdom of Bulgaria Ferdinand I
and others ...
Strength
Total: 42,950,000[1]
Russian Empire 12,000,000
British Empire 8,842,000[2][3]
French Third Republic 8,660,000[4]
Kingdom of Italy 5,615,000
United States 4,744,000
Empire of Japan 800,000
Kingdom of Serbia 707,000
Kingdom of Romania 658,000
Belgium 380,000
Kingdom of Greece 250,000
First Portuguese Republic 80,000
Kingdom of Montenegro 50,000
Total: 25,248,000[1]
German Empire 13,250,000
Austria-Hungary 7,800,000
Ottoman Empire 2,998,000
Kingdom of Bulgaria 1,200,000
68,208,000 (Total all)
Casualties and losses
Military dead: 5,525,000
Military wounded: 12,832,000
Total: 18,357,000 KIA, WIA and MIA
Civilian dead: 4,000,000
further details ...
Military deaths by country[5][6]
Russian Empire 1,811,000
French Third Republic 1,398,000
British Empire 1,115,000
Kingdom of Italy 651,000
Kingdom of Romania 250,000–335,000
Kingdom of Serbia 275,000
United States 117,000
Belgium 59,000–88,000
Kingdom of Greece 26,000
First Portuguese Republic 7,000
Kingdom of Montenegro 3,000
Empire of Japan <1,000
Military dead: 4,386,000
Military wounded: 8,388,000
Total: 12,774,000 KIA, WIA and MIA
Civilian dead: 3,700,000
further details ...
Military deaths by country[5]
German Empire 2,051,000
Austria-Hungary 1,200,000
Ottoman Empire 772,000
Kingdom of Bulgaria 88,000
World War I: Mobilized forces per total population (in %)[citation needed]
On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis.[14][15] In response, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia on 23 July. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By July 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente, consisting of France, Russia, and Britain; and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915, when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated.[16] Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia, and approved partial mobilisation after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on 28 July.[17] Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; the following day, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours.[18] When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, the latter following suit on 6 August; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.[19]
Germany's strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan.[20] On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France.[21] When this was refused, German forces invaded Belgium on 3 August and declared war on France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and, in compliance with its obligations under this treaty, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on 23 August, Japan sided with Britain, seizing German possessions in China and the Pacific. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula. The war was fought in (and drew upon) each power's colonial empire also, spreading the conflict to Africa and across the globe. The Entente and its allies eventually became known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary, Germany and their allies became known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a war of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917 (the Eastern Front, by contrast, was marked by much greater exchanges of territory). In 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers and opened a front in the Alps. Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in 1915 and Greece joined the Allies in 1917, expanding the war in the Balkans. The United States initially remained neutral, though even while neutral it became an important supplier of war materiel to the Allies. Eventually, after the sinking of American merchant ships by German submarines, the declaration by Germany that its navy would resume unrestricted attacks on neutral shipping, and the revelation that Germany was trying to incite Mexico to initiate war against the United States, the U.S. declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. Trained American forces did not begin arriving at the front in large numbers until mid-1918, but the American Expeditionary Force ultimately reached some two million troops.[22]
Though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Romania joined the Allied Powers in 1916 only to be defeated in 1917, none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until 1918. The 1917 February Revolution in Russia replaced the Tsarist autocracy with the Provisional Government, but continuing discontent with the cost of the war led to the October Revolution, the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic, and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the new government in March 1918, ending Russia's involvement in the war. Germany now controlled much of eastern Europe and transferred large numbers of combat troops to the Western Front. Using new tactics, the German March 1918 Offensive was initially successful. The Allies fell back and held. The last of the German reserves were exhausted as 10,000 fresh American troops arrived every day. The Allies drove the Germans back in their Hundred Days Offensive, a continual series of attacks to which the Germans had no reply.[23] One by one the Central Powers quit. First Bulgaria, then the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian empire. With its allies defeated, revolution at home, and the military no longer willing to fight, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on 9 November and Germany signed an armistice on 11 November 1918, ending the fighting.
World War I was a significant turning point in the political, cultural, economic, and social climate of the world. The war and its immediate aftermath sparked numerous revolutions and uprisings. The Big Four (Britain, France, the United States, and Italy) imposed their terms on the defeated powers in a series of treaties agreed at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the most well known being the German peace treaty: the Treaty of Versailles.[24] Ultimately, as a result of the war, the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian Empires ceased to exist, and numerous new states were created from their remains. However, despite the conclusive Allied victory (and the creation of the League of Nations during the Peace Conference, intended to prevent future wars), a second world war followed just over twenty years later.
Names
Background
Prelude
Progress of the war
Aftermath
Technology
War crimes
Soldiers'
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
CHINESS TECHNOLOGY
‘I’ve never seen anything like this:’ One of China’s most popular apps has the ability to spy on its users, say experts
-
Tensions with Greece: Turkey buys more S-400s from Russia Online desk August 23, 2020, 08:22 p.m. Online version S-400. File image Tur...
-
The virus has so far killed 4,69,526 people worldwide. After being infected with this disease, 47 lakh 95 thousand 421 people have recovere...
-
World War One", "Great War", "WW1", and "WWI" redirect here. For other uses, see World War One (disa...
No comments:
Post a Comment